Public Subsidies for Sports Facilities Essay -- Sports Athletics Ameri

Public Subsidies for Sports Facilities America is in the midst of a sports construction boom. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million individually bring on been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion lead be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and topical anaesthetic anesthetic governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. Tax exemption lowers involvement on debt and so reduces the amount that cities and teams must pay for a stadium. Since 1975, the interest rate reduction has varied between 2.4 and 4.5 percentage points. Assuming a differential coefficient of 3 percentage points, the discounted present value loss in federal taxes for a $225 million stadium is about $70 million, or more than $2 million a year over a useful life of 30 years. Ten facilities built in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Superdome in New Orleans, the Silverdome in Pontiac, the now-obsolete Kingdome in Seattle, and Giants Stadium in the New Jersey Meadowlands, each cause an annual federal tax loss exceeding $1 million. State and local governments pay even larger subsidies than Washington. Sports facilities now typically cost the host city more than $10 million a year. Perhaps the most fortunate new baseball stadium, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, costs Maryland residents $14 million a year. Renovations arent cheap either the net cost to local government for refurbishing the Oakland Coliseum for the Raiders was about $70 million. Most large ci ties are willing to spend big to attract or keep a major(ip) league franchise. But a city need not be among the nations biggest to win a national competition for a team, as shown by the NBAs universal time Jazzs Delta Center in Salt Lake City and the NFLs Houston Oilers new football stadium in Nashville. Why Cities Subsidize Sports The economic rationale for cities willingness to subsidize sports facilities is revealed in the movement s... ...vernments still pay for investments in supporting infrastructure, and Washington still pays an interest subsidy for the local government share. And the Charlotte case is unique. No other stadium stomach has raised as much private revenue. At the other extreme is the disaster in Oakland, where a supposedly break-even financial plan left the corporation $70 million in the hole because of cost overruns and disappointing PSL sales. Third, despite greater citizen awareness, voters still must cope with a scarcity of teams. Fans may fi gure that subsidized stadiums regressively redistribute income and do not promote growth, but they want local teams. Alas, it is usually better to pay a monopoly an exorbitant price than to make believe up its product. Prospects for cutting sports subsidies are not good. While citizen opposition has had some success, without more effective intercity organizing or more active federal antitrust policy, cities will continue to compete against each other to attract or keep artificially scarce sports franchises. Given the profound penetration and popularity of sports in American culture, it is rugged to see an end to rising public subsidies of sports facilities.

open fracture of the radius :: essays research papers

Injury reportOpen fracture of the Radius.A triathlon involves swimming, running and then biking a rope track.A triathlete fell from his bike during training, due to the wet road.He landed awkwardly on his bike.His Radius was broken because he landed with his arm on the handle bars of the bike.The force at which he landed on the handle bars caused his Radius to break and pierce the skin.A cracked operating system is called a fracture.Fractures are most likely to occur in the limb atomic number 76s. (Radius and Ulna Tibia and Fibula) Fractures are named according to the certain features which separate the different types of fracture. disagreeable fracture.The oculus sinister is broken but the overlying skin surface is not damaged.Open fracture.The broken ends of the get up have pierced the surface of the skin.Compound fracture.The fractured bone has caused other injuries, e.g. the rib may have penetrated the lung.The triathlete has an open fracture of the Radius.(Image 1)As can b e seen in the above picture the Radius is a bone in the lower arm, on the same side of the arm as the thumb.As people when falling-outstretch their arms to break their fall-the radius may received some(prenominal) quite heavy blows.This may weaken the joints around the radius and may cause it to dislocate.The triathlete has landed on the side of his radius, and the radius has broken in half(prenominal) and has pierced the skin.This leaves the body vulnerable to infection and obviously isnt pleasant for the triathlete.Below is an image of the femur and on it is labeled the different types of bone and where they may be found.The white hard bone on the outside is called the compact bone.On the inside of the shaft is the bone marrow.Inside the epipysis is the spongy bone.Surrounding the ends of the bone is cartilage which eases movement between bones.Osteo=Bone. The bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.Chondrin=Cartilage.(Image 2) Above is a diagram of the structure of a mat ure bone.It shows what each different set out of the bone looks like under a microscope, and where those parts of bone are found.The top of this bone is called the head ( this also applies to the radius)The long, thin part of the bone that gives the bone its length is called the shaftImmediate first aidWhen bones are broken (The following must be done in a way that would prevent further injury) the immediate first aid is to.

Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is about a man named Gatsby, in love with a woman, Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchannan. He dreams that one daytime he and Daisy will get together. Gatsby has worked hard to become the man that he believes will impress Daisy. Even though he has an extravagant house, lots of money, and untamed parties, he is without the one person he wants, Daisy. Even befriending gouge deals with Gatsby getting Daisy, because Daisy is Nicks cousin. In a meeting arranged by Nick and Gatsby, Daisy is invited oer for tea and she sees Gatsby. It seems as if time is suspended for a moment, as they look at each other both thinking something. Then Gatsby tips over Nicks clock, symbolizing that he is running out of time to try to capture what he and Daisy once lost. Through the lonely and careless characters of Jordan baker Jay Gatsby, Myrtle, and G. Wilson, Fitzgerald is able to illustrate the lack of spirituality in this novel.The main place in The Great Ga tsby that shows the lack of spirituality is the Valley of Ashes, where Myrtle and her husband, George Wilson live. It is a bleak, stripped valley including only one building, a car garage. One day while driving around Tom and Nick stop off at the valley to see Myrtle, Toms mistress. Nick describes this valley as being about half way between West Egg and modern York... a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens (27). The co...

A report about Internet/intranet and server requirements :: Computer Science

A report about Internet/intranet and legion requirementsThe net serverAn Internet server delivers WebPages to computers via a send for orbroadband connection called a dial up connection. This can be done tocomputers anywhere in the world as long as they are affiliated to theinternet. An internet server has something called DNS enabling. Thisallows a website to be found from that websites own server e.g. whensomeone types www.microsoft.com, the website is associated toMicrosoft server so the website is delivered to your computer screen.The Intranet Server The intranet server is similar to the internet server as it deliversWebPages to computers however it is for LAN (local area networks).This means the pages are private and run through localised cabling.The WebPages are non available to computers outside the LAN and dialup connections are not enabled.Organisation the internet and intranetInternets are organised by numerous internet servers connected througha permanent broadband co nnection. For protection the servers areprotected from another(prenominal) computers putting viruses and harmful materialsby firewalls.Intranets are local so other computers outside the Local area network(LAN) cannot connect to the network.Ways of connected to the internet1. Dial up modem-mainly used at home, works by dialing a telephonenumber of an internet server and connects via that. Standardconnection is 56kb. This means it sends 56,000 bits per second.2. LAN-Delivers the internet to a network of computers via a proxyserver. The proxy server connects to the internet and delivers theinternet to all the connected computers in a local area network.3. ISDN (integrated services digital network)-a telephone connectionthat is designed to deliver digital discipline for computers but alsocan deliver audio signals for telephone conversations. It is generallyfaster than standard modem connections, usually 64kb or 128kb persecond.4. Broadband-Digital telephone connection that is constant lyconnected, delivering entropy much quicker than other connections atspeeds 10, 20 or even 50 times quicker than your standard 56kbconnection. Instead of using a modem it uses a router allowing apermanent connection.Web Server RequirementsWeb servers can be as fast or powerful as the user requires. This isdependent on what system they are running. A standard internet server willing be 500MHZ, have 256MB of RAM and have around 8GB hard drivespace. Of run-in all of these can be expanded dependent on the usersneeds. Also it depends on how many users are on the network. The moreusers, the faster the server will be required to allow a good internet

Akhenaten, The Mysterious Ruler :: essays research papers

Akhenaten, The Mysterious RulerAkhenaten is considered by many historians to be one of the virtually fascinating and individuals of the ancient world. It is been said that he created the first monotheistic religion. Did he do so?We testament seek this question, along with different factions of his life and reign. In order to see how Akhenaten is considered a revolutionary and how his reign is different from those before his a look at the role of earlier traditional kings is needed. Then we allow for examine the royal house in Egyptian society during Amenhoten IIIs reign. What did he believe in? What of the relationship was there between father and son, a co-regency? And what of his mother, Tiye? What learn did she have on him, if any?We will also look at references to Aten during Amenhoten IIIs rule.To understand how revolutionary the worship of Aten was we need to look at the worship of other Egyptian gods and in particular Amon-Re.Then a peek at the first years of the rule of then Amenhoten IV . Then the change occurs by and by about five years. Amenhoten IV changes his name to Akhenaten and declares that Aten is the god of his worship. There are several possibilities of why he decided to change to the worship of Aten, and move his capital. Well explore these possibilities. Who was Aten, and how was he worshiped? After all this is the god that Akhenaten worshiped and placed above all other gods. Historians argue whether or not Aten was worshiped as the sole god of Egypt. We will explore Aten and how he is worshiped and depicted. We will discuss the ethics of this new religion, if indeed there are any.. We shall see the king as a devoted family man. iodin who loved to be seen with wife and family. This was an unusual for a king of that time. His attitude about truth brought about an art revolution as well as a religious one. This is seen on temples that he built and depictions that we find in them.Looking through the eyes of noted historians such as Re dford, Alfred, Breasted, and others we look at these questions and try to begin to understand the man that Redford calls "The Heritic King".. I.      IntroductionII.      Traditional pharaoh role and traits.     A.How are past traditional rulers seen?III. Amenhoten IIIA.      Religion     1. Description of miscellaneous gods2.

Akhenaten, The Mysterious Ruler :: essays research papers

Akhenaten, The Mysterious RulerAkhenaten is considered by many historians to be one of the most fascinating and individuals of the ancient world. It is been said that he created the beginning monotheistic religion. Did he do so?We will explore this question, along with other factions of his life and obtain. In order to see how Akhenaten is considered a revolutionary and how his reign is different from those before his a look at the role of earlier traditional kings is needed. Then we will examine the royal house in Egyptian society during Amenhoten IIIs reign. What did he believe in? What of the relationship was there between father and son, a co-regency? And what of his mother, Tiye? What influence did she have on him, if any?We will in addition look at references to Aten during Amenhoten IIIs rule.To understand how revolutionary the worship of Aten was we need to look at the worship of other Egyptian idols and in particular Amon-Re.Then a peek at the first years of the rule of then Amenhoten IV . Then the change occurs after about five years. Amenhoten IV changes his name to Akhenaten and declares that Aten is the god of his worship. There are several possibilities of why he decided to change to the worship of Aten, and move his capital. Well explore these possibilities. Who was Aten, and how was he worshiped? After all this is the god that Akhenaten worshiped and dictated above all other gods. Historians argue whether or not Aten was worshiped as the sole god of Egypt. We will explore Aten and how he is worshiped and depicted. We will discuss the morality of this new religion, if indeed there are any.. We shall see the king as a devoted family man. One who loved to be seen with wife and family. This was an unusual for a king of that time. His attitude about truth brought about an art revolution as well as a religious one. This is seen on temples that he build and depictions that we find in them.Looking through the eyes of noted historians such as Redf ord, Alfred, Breasted, and others we look at these questions and try to begin to understand the man that Redford calls "The Heritic great power".. I.      IntroductionII.      Traditional pharaoh role and traits.     A.How are past traditional rulers seen?III. Amenhoten IIIA.      Religion     1. Description of various gods2.

Unit 8 Assignment

Ury Salinas Unit 8 Project MT445 Managerial Economics Chapter 19, Question 5 (Economic Fluctuations) Why doesnt the National Bureau of Economic Research station the turning points in economic activity until months after they occur? There are often fluctuations within the different phases of the economy which are caused the seasons and other run a risk occurrences. Oftentimes, these small disturbances are not enough to show economists that there is necessarily a problem because a drop in production might lone(prenominal) be temporary.Recessions and economic depressions obligate to be measured over a long period of time to get an accu outrank idea of the economic perceptual constancy of a region or country, and often you have to look back a long period in order to understand the problem. Question 15 (Aggregate demand and supply) Determine whether each of the following would cause a shift of the aggregate demand bend dexter, a shift of the aggregate supply rick, neither, or both. Which curve shifts, and in which direction? What happens to aggregate output and the price level in each case? a. The price level changes b.Consumer confidence declines c. The supply of resources increases d. The wage put increases a. Price level changes affect both aggregated demand and aggregated supply curves. When price drops, it raises the amount of goods that are in demand. The short-run supply curve curves to the right. When price increases, there is a drop in the quantity of goods and services supplied and the short-run aggregate supply curve curves toward the left. b. When consumer confidence declines, there is a decrement in the demand curve. This causes the curve to shift to the left. c.When the supply of resources increases, more products are being produced which supersedes demand for the item. This will cause the curve to shift to the left. d. When wage rate increases, the supply curve shifts upward. Chapter 20, Question 12 (Convergence) Explain the convergence theor y. Under what circumstances is convergence unlikely to occur? Convergence theory says that evolveing countries have better or faster economic growth than advanced countries. The thought is that they grow faster because its easier to copy the technology that is already in place, than it is to necessarily develop it on their own.This theory states that convergence is unlikely to occur in the poorest third of the world, partly because of high population growth which reduces the quality of human capital. Question 15 (Growth and the PPF) Use the production possibilities frontier (PPF) to demonstrate economic growth. a. With consumption goods on one axis and capital goods on the other, show how the combination of goods selected this period affects the PPF in the next period. b. Extend this comparison by choosing a different point on this periods PPF and determining whether that combination leads to more or slight growth over the next period. . When the economy produces more consumer goo ds than capital goods, growth is disgrace. On the graph, this would be at the point on the axis where Y is actually high compared to the X-coordinate. In the next period, this means that consumer goods have less production capacity. b. When more capital goods are produces than consumer goods, the growth is higher. On the graph, this would be where the Y-coordinate would be lower than its corresponding X-coordinate. This means that there will be more spending on capital goods and a greater outward shift for the next period.

Group Project Nike Paper Essay

Your specific assignment is to conduct research, analyze, and prep atomic number 18 a report for the CFO on the positive pecuniary performance of the company that you choice for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011. In addition to reviewing the traditional financial performance indicators, you are also to review the companies past and on-going stock performance for the same periods. Your report is to consist of three parts1. an evaluation of the companys financial performance for the periods 2009, 2010, and 20112. an evaluation of the companys stock performance for the periods 2009,2010, and 20113. finally, a specific recommendation, with supporting rationale, as to whether or not the companys recent financial and stock performance are of sufficient financial strength to warrant entering into a long-term commitment with the companyTo assist you in your task, the CFO has provided the following general guidance. As it is recognized that the many companies are undergoing a major contracti on, it is very important for you to compare the companys financial and stock performance trends with those of the industry. You are to picture all necessary and relevant financial performance and stock information, trends, and projections in supporting your recommendation. Relevant factors include, but are not necessarily limited to, financial statement analyses, financial ratio trends and industry comparatives, capital spending, stock growth, Beta values, credit rating service valuations, bond rating valuations, and management and investment reports, when these documents are available.REPORT REQUIREMENTSYour final report is to be an executive-level financial report directed to the CFO. This report must be no longer than six (6) single-spaced typewritten pages. involve suitable comparative, quantitative, and qualitative analyses and conclude with a specific and supported recommendation based on the projected financial viability of the company for the next several years. subjective research data, financial calculations, and other documentation needed to support your recommendation should be referred to in summary form in your report and attached in detail as enclosures. every(prenominal) major sources should be referenced. There is no set limit to the size of the enclosures, but it is recommended that only essential enclosures be attached. You should physical exertion references and a bibliography to identify any remaining supporting documents you wish to include.Your report is to be submitted electronically and limited to a maximum of three, single for the executive report, one for attachments and one for power point presentation. Two rouses are acceptable, with attachments included as separate pages at the end of your report. Only Word, Plain Text, Rich Text, and Excel file formats are acceptable.This report is a group effort and must be researched, developed, and prepared by the entire group. However, to maximize the learning benefit, you are encourage d to component freely and exchange sources of information (Web sites), general approaches, alternatives, and information on general financial theory and applicability as related to the report with other teams.All questions related to this assignment should be referred to the mythical CFO (i.e., me).

Media and Islam Essay

An area of popular research throughout the last two decades is the study of mainstream media and its depiction of individuals that follow the Muslim faith. It is evident that Muslims encounter unfathomable stereotypes through the lens of westernmostern media consumers. This bear witness will highlight events occurring after the September 11, 2001 World Trade Centre attacks and in the long run display the Islamophobia present inwardly politics. It is through this research that I will outline the stereotypes prevalent whilst providing contemporary media examples. Overall, this essay will argue that Islamophobia is prevalent in contemporary Western media however, combating this Islamophobia is as well evidently visible. Furthermore, due to certain media structures such as corporate ownership dominance and cultural consensus, Islam is viewed as the antagonist of Western culture. Overall, this essay will instruction on the two evident spectrums of media coverage of Muslims and thei r righteousness as a topic of discourse. Through this essay I will aim to conclude that though extreme Islamophobia is prevalent in Western media, there is many media outlets that look to eliminate Islamophobia and Xenophobia altogether. The media coverage that will be analyzed will be set off Quebecs political party Parti Quebecois proposal for secular changes to the Quebec take and the recent capital of Massachusetts Marathon bomb media coverage. I will begin this essay by defining the phrase Islamophobia and its significance within Western media coverage. Islamophobia is an ideology that radiates negative meanings to Muslims and Islam, thereby plentiful rise to negative attitudes and discriminatory practices against Muslims and Islam (ethnic). It is the venerate of followers of the Islamic religion and negative views on the religion as a whole. Islamophobia leads to many negative depictions of Muslims. Moreover Islamophobia is described as the belief that Islam is deficie nt to the west (GoGale). Also, it is studied as, barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist Islam is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism and eng olden in a clash of civilizations (GoGale). If one were to have the same views against an other(a)(prenominal) religion or ethnic group in the West, it would be considered racism. However, as stated by Gema Martin-Munoz, this is not the case with Islam. She claims Hostility towards Islam is used to justify discriminatory practices against Muslims and the exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society. Anti-Muslim hostility is seen as natural ornormal (GoGale).Islamophobia and the HijabIt is one of the reasons that the hijab is a controversial issue in contemporary Western societies and media. The lack of noesis of reasoning behind the decision of Muslim women to cover their heads leads individuals to assume that these specified women are oppressed as a result of clear sexism in the Muslim religion. Also, Islamo phobia is also prevalent with regards to the hijab as many Western media outlets describe it as a symbol of terrorism (examples will be described shortly). Overall, Islamophobia in the West is the fear and negative depiction of Muslims and Islamophobia with regards to the hijab is to view one choosing to wear it as a representation of oppression and terrorism. I will begin this section by summarizing the events for the two aforementioned political events. First, the capital of Massachusetts Bombing occurred on April 15, 2013 at the Boston Marathon. Two brothers were considered the alleged criminals for building and planting two pressure cooker bombs that detonate near the finish line of the marathon. This caused the death of three people and wounded more than 260 (Boston Marathon Bombing Suspect Seeks Dismissal of Some Charges). Tamerlan Tsarnaev aged 26, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev aged 20, were involved in a police chase that evidently resulted in the death of the older brother, Tamerl an, during a police shootout, while Dzhokhar was eventually caught hiding in the Boston town of Watertown (Boston Marathon Bombing Suspect Seeks Dismissal of Some Charges).Fox watchword stated, Authorities say he and his older brother, Tamerlan, ethnic Chechens from Russia who emigrated to the united States as children, planned and carried out the attack to retaliate against the U.S for its involvement in Muslim countries (Kelly). Authorities said Dzhokhar had scratched anti-American messages on the inside of the boat, including The U.S Government is sidesplitting our innocent civilians and We Muslims are one body, you hurt one you hurt us all after the death of his older brother (Kelly). Radical Islamic views were deemed the origin behind the attacked by the alleged criminals. Further, the younger Tsarnaev brother was caught a few days after the bombing and is now facing over 30 federal official counts, including the use of weapons of mass destruction (Boston Marathon Bombing Suspect Seeks Dismissal of Some Charges). Power is a critical aspect of gaining anaudience for the media. Individuals and groups that possess advocate are deemed countersignworthy. These organizations become the center of attention and information during political events and are the dominant hub of information that consumers are exposed to. This directly correlates to Fox give-and-take as it holds a large amount of forefinger in regards to television. Specifically, in 2013 Fox tidings was the number one ranked news station for the twelfth unbent year. As studied by TVNEWSER, Fox News remained on top in 2013, capping off its 12th consecutive year as the most-watched cable news network among both total viewers and A25-54 viewers (Knox). This ranking is due to its news content being exposed to almost two million consumers cursory (Knox).Ultimately, this creates a problem, as Fox News is an obvious right wing conservative news channel. It is to be noted that Fox News is commonly witnessed using the news channel to express the partisan beliefs of its owners and news team. The power Fox News holds has played an integral part in the framing of Muslims accompanying the Boston Marathon Bombing attacks. Framing is defined as the way in which we talk about an issue or event that puts it into a context, and it has important implications for unexclusive view and the alternatives available for addressing the issue (Ridout, 150). Following the bombings in Boston, framing was observed through Fox News and its media outlets. Specifically, on April 20th, 2013 (five days after the bombing) Fox News correspondents indirectly claimed Islam as the evident factor behind the motive of both of the main suspects, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. The heading during this specified newscast was The Mind of A Terrorist, Factors that May Lead to a Radical Path. As the newscast prolonged correspondents were expressing radical frames to the brothers. Specifically, they continued to frame the plot and reason behind the alleged attack to directly correlate to the Islamic religion of the two brothers. As the panel discussed, one correspondent questioned the wife of the older brother, Tamerlan, and her involvement in the alleged plot. He stated, I just oddity that if under questioning she can honestly say that she had no idea that her husband who spent a year away and prayed five clock a day, that she had no indication that he was capable of this (The Mind of a Terrorist). Stating this, the correspondent undeniably created a relation to terrorism and the Islamic act of praying five times a day. This correspondent framed the bombing to put terrorism in the same context as thereligion of Islam. Additionally, with the large consumer numbers of Fox News, this opinion had reached a number of people providing them with a framed context on a political event. Fox News continued their coverage of the Boston Bombing whilst focusing on and stressing the Muslim religion of both the Tsarnaev brothers. At the same time, media outlets that disregarded their religion were ignored as importance of their Islamic roots grew rapidly. Overall, the power of Fox News in contemporary media enables the outlet as newsworthy, regardless of the content media and partisan biases present within the origins of the organization as a mankind outlet.Though the Boston Marathon Bombings were encircled around the fact that there were two male Muslim victims, the media found a way to deepen the Islamophobia already prevalent with attacks on the hijab. Specifically, the wife of Tamerlan, Katherine Russell was a convert who wore the hijab. This directly made her a terrorist in the eyes of Fox News and its correspondents. One example of this was witnessed by Ann Coulter, a Fox News correspondent and avid Conservative. When speaking about Katherines knowledge of her husbands alleged plans to bomb the Boston Marathon, she spoke about her exceedingly negatively. When her peers sta ted that Katherine must have had ideas that Tamerlan was having terrorist-like thoughts, Coulter stated, I dont care if she knew about this. She ought to be in prison for wearing a hijab (Insider). This is a clear example of cultural consensus. As explained by Professor Katherine Bullock, the cultural elite in Western society deem the Western states as the hero, the Muslims as the villain and the citizens of the state as clear victims (Bullock). Also, it is important to note that with regards to Fox News, there is a lack of diversity in views. The news channel has correspondents that region similar views and as a result, the consumer receives and interprets one-sided media coverage. This is a clear problem with Western media outlets as the lack of diversity supports bias opinions. Overall, Fox News is a prime example of the stereotypes Muslims face in Western contemporary societies.The Parti Quebecois Quebec Charter ProposalDifferentiating greatly from that of the Western media vi ews on the Boston Marathon Bombings, the media coverage of the proposed Charter changes by the Parti Quebecois was vastly different. The media coverage around the partysdisapproval of overt and conspicuous sacred symbols worn within the government was relatively negative. This evidently shows a different perspective showing that that combating of Islamophobia is prevalent in some Western media outlets. The change to the Quebec Charter was issued by the Parti Quebecois a popular political party of Quebec. In early September of 2013, the Parti Quebecois held a press conference at the National fictionalisation in Quebec City (global). At this press conference, the Bernard Drainville, the Minister responsible for Democratic Institutions and Active Citizenship discussed how his party planned to shed light on unearthly accommodations and Quebec determine (global). With the ultimate goal of religious neutrality of the state, he stated, these offer harmonious relations and social cohes ion for a Quebec that is increasingly multiethnic and multireligious (global). In other words, the Part Quebecois aimed to eliminate large religious symbols identifying a specific individuals religious beliefs and values. It is to be noted that the main purpose of this sanction was to instill equality between both sexes along with religious neutrality within the government institutions of the province of Quebec.These five proposals are as listed 1. Enshrine the questions of religious accommodation in the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms by outlining the separation of religion and state, the religious neutrality of the state and the secular nature of its institutions, taking into account our common diachronic heritage 2. Ensure that religious neutrality for government employees in the performance of their duties is established in law 3. Outline what is considered conspicuous religious symbols for government employees during working hours (the proposal is subject to a right of withdrawal for a period of up to five years, renewable for certain sectors) 4. Ensure that the face is visible when giving or receiving government services 5. Establish a policy to implement the religious neutrality of the state and the management of religious accommodation for government agencies. Drainville conclude the press conference by stating, Our proposals will be a source of greater understanding, harmony and cohesion for all Quebec and all Quebecers, regardless of their religion or origin (global). This was an evident political issue, as all public servants were no longer allowed to publicly associate themselves with the religions they previously followed. However, public servants were allowed to wear inconspicuous religion symbols such asnecklaces, rings or earrings with religious symbols, e.g the Star of David (global). The controversy arose as individuals realized that the Parti Qubcois would be preventing individuals from wearing things such as a headscarf, hijab, t urban or kippa (global). This evidently would strip public servants of the fundamental rights stated under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Specifically, the Fundamental Rights section within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states, 2. Everyone has the following fundamental libertys(a) freedom of conscience and religion(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication(c) freedom of peaceful assembly and(d) freedom of association. (Charter)The proposed Quebec Charter changes would contradict those within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This caused a clear backlash as individuals stated that the charter changes were unconstitutional and racist. The criticism witnessed through media ultimately showed the combating of the Islamophobia of the Parti Quebecois. Canadian newspapers and stations discussed this issue heavily and conclusively noted this new proposal as racist and xenophob ic. CBC News reported differing opinions than that of the Part Quebecois evidently labeling the Charter proposal as racist. For example, CBC interviewed William Steinburg, the mayor of Montreal town Hamstead as he stated, We will not comply with a racist and immoral law and further continued stating, In the event that the Quebec government passes this odious bill, which will force people to choose between their religious beliefs and their jobs, it will not be enforced in Hampstead (CBC).Steinburg irrefutably is combating Islamophobia and Xenophobia altogether that was brought upon by the Parti Quebecois. Another CBC hold reported on the hijab and its relation to the proposed secular Quebec Charter as they interviewed non-Muslim university professors donning the hijab to avouch against it. It interviewed Nora Jaffary of Concordia University and McGill Universitys Catherine Lu. Both women chose to wear the hijab to protest the Charter changes. Nora Jaffary stated that for many Mu slim women that reside in Quebec, the hijab and veiling in general, is notsomething that is forced upon them by parents or husbands and continued by stating that the proposed ban on the hijab would target groups of minorities in the Canadian province of Quebec (cbc). Specifically she believed it would target and single out Muslim women (cbc). The article continued by stating that if more people joined the protest alongside Jaffary and Lu, there could be a major impact on the proposed legislation. Overall, CBC News showed its stance on the proposed secular Charter changes in Quebec. The media outlet continuously spoke against the Charter changes and advocated the fundamental freedoms of Muslim women and all other minorities that would be unfinished of their right to practice religion as inhabitants within Canada. News coverage by a different Canadian media outlet showed similar results. Specifically, when analyzing Global News media coverage of the Quebec Charter changes, it was evi dent that Global News also looked to eliminate discrimination and as a result, Islamophobia. For example, a post doctoral individual from Concordia University, Emmanuelle Richez, commented on this Charter change with negativity as he stated, So theyre not saying it, but its going to be more confining for people that are not part of the religious majority. Overall, the Parti Quebecois stated that it was attempting to move towards religious equality, however, it was attempting to ban fundamental freedoms of the Canadian people of religious freedom and forcing assimilation.

Ivan Pavlov Essay

1. behavioral approaches are used predominantly for treating children and adults with autism. Behavioral therapies include specific approaches to help individuals acquire or change behaviors. Behavioral therapies can be divided into three general approaches operant conditioning, respondent or classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, and cognitive approaches. In treating children with autism, operant conditioning approaches are typically used.Ivan Pavlov performed experiments which involved training dogs to associate a tone with a food-reward. Initially, the subject shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, tone), entirely a measurable unconditioned response (UR, saliva production) to unconditioned stimulus (US, food). However, after repeatedly using the tone (CS), with the food (US), the subject forms and association amidst the two and shows conditioned response (CR, saliva production) to the tone (CS) alone. This is opposed in principle to operant conditioning, where pr oducing a CR (any task output) controls getting US (food).2. B.F.Skinners work was influenced by Pavlovs experiments. He took the notion of conditioned reflexes developed by Ivan Pavlov and applied it to the study of behavior, by experimenting with pigeons, rats and later his own infant young woman to develop his theories of operant conditioning. The concept though interesting, raises a lot of uncomfortable questions on ethical treatment of fellow living beings.3. The observations made in the question, try the fundamental thought behind Skinners experiments, that peoples response could be controlled, and also raises the valid point of the extent of control. In contrast the Pavlovian speculation was about conditioning the reflexes in response to stimuli. Skinner initially followed this theory before his data made him suspect that he had found a butt of conditioning that was very different from Pavlovs

Paychex Market Analysis Essay

Paychex, Inc. (Paychex or the caller-up) is a provider of payroll, human resourcefulness, and benefits outsourcing solutions for tiny to medium-sized businesses. The go with operates in the US and Germany. It is headquartered in Rochester, sensitive York and employed approximately 12,400 people as of May 31, 2013.The company recorded revenues of $2,326.2 million during the financial year ended May 2013 (FY2013), an increase of 4.3% over FY2012. The run profit of the company was $904.8 million in FY2013, an increase of 6% over FY2012. The net profit was $569 million in FY2013, an increase of 3.8% over FY2012.BUSINESS ex inventionationPaychex, Inc. (Paychex or the company) is a provider of professional religious run to small to medium-sized businesses. The company offers payroll,human resource, and benefits outsourcing solutions. As of May 31, 2013, Paychex provided services to over 570,000 clients, including approximately 2,000 clients with its four offices in Germany. The company operates through a single segment. However, it has classified its services into two categories payroll and human resource (HR) services.Paychexs payroll service implicates the calculation, preparation, and delivery of employee payroll checks production of internal accounting records and guidance reports preparation of federal, state, and local payroll tax returns and collection and remittance of clients payroll obligations. The companys payroll services support the small business blotet through its core payroll and SurePayroll products. Mid-market companies are primarily serviced through Paychexs Major merchandise Services (MMS) payroll product. The company offers Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solution to meet the payroll and human resource administrative needs of its MMS clients. In addition, Paychex also offers ancillary services to its clients.The companys ancillary services include Paychex HR Online, an lucre-based human resource management system that offers tools f or managing employee benefits, personnel information, and critical human resource compliance and account needs BeneTrac, an employee benefits management and judicatory system that offers its MMS clients a solution for streamlined benefits management Paychex Time and Labor Online, a solution for time and attendance accomplish Paychex Expense Manager, an integrated expense management solution that allows clients to control discretionary spending and applicant tracking service.In addition, Paychex offers online payroll services through Paychex Online, an internet portal, which offers a suite of self-service, interactive services and products. These include Paychex Online Payroll, Internet Time Sheet, Paychex Online Reports, and General Ledger Reporting Service. The company also offers self-service and mobile applications for small business through its SurePayroll SaaS product offering. Paychexs other payroll services include payroll tax giving medication services, employee payment services, and regulatory compliance services.The companys HR services include Paychex HR Solutions, an HR outsourcing solutions provider that addresses the outsourcing of employer and employee administrative needs of businesses. Its Paychex HR Solutions offering is available as an administrative services organization (ASO) and as a professional employer organization (PEO). Both options offer businesses a combined package of services that includes payroll, employer compliance, human resource and employee benefits administration, risk management outsourcing, and on-site availability of a professionally trained HR representative.Paychexs retirement services product line offers options to clients, including 401(k) plans, 401(k) SIMPLE plans, SIMPLE IRAs, 401(k) plans with safe adjudge provisions, profit sharing plans, and money purchase plans. These services provide plan implementation, ongoing compliance with government regulations, employee and employer reporting, participant and emp loyer online irritate, electronic funds transfer, and other administrative services. In addition to the above HR services, the company operates a licensed insurance agency, Paychex Insurance Agency that provides insurance through several carriers.Its insurance offerings include property and casualty (P&C) coverage such as workers compensation business-owner policies commercial auto and health and benefits coverage, including health, dental, vision, and life. Paychex also offers online HR administration software products for employee benefits management and administration and time and attendance solutions. Paychex HR Online offers tools for managing employee benefits, personnel information, and human resource compliance and reporting. The companys other human resource services and products include the outsourcing of plan administration undersection one hundred twenty-five of the Internal Revenue Code state unemployment insurance services and employee handbooks, management manuals, and personnel and required regulatory forms. reportThomas Golisano founded Paychex, Inc. (Paychex or the company) as Paymaster in 1971 in Rochester, New York, the US. In 1988, the company started its personal services division. In the following year, the company reached the 100,000 clients mark and opened its Taxpay division. This expansion continued into the 1990s. In 1991, Paychex formed the human resource services (HRS) division, with new offerings such as employee handbooks, employee evaluation, employee testing tools, insurance products and services, and section 125 cafeteria plans. Paychex acquired two California based companies, Pay-Fone and Payday in 1995.The company expanded its client base to 210,000 clients and its Taxpay division reached 100,000 clients mark. During 1995, Paychexs HRS division introduced its 401(k) Recordkeeping service. In 1996, the company acquired California-based Olsen Computer Systems and Florida-based subject area Business Solutions. Paychex acqui red Advantage Payroll Services (Advantage), a provider of payroll and tax-filing services, in 2002. The acquisition of Advantage provided Paychex with more than 49,000 new clients.Paychex acquired InterPay, a wholly owned subsidiary of FleetBoston Financial (a Boston, Massachusettsbased bank), in 2003, for $182.3 million. In the same year, the company was selected by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) for its payroll services. Subsequently, Paychex acquired Strombergs (a provider of time and attendance and workforcemanagement solutions) Time in a Box product line, a Windows-based time and attendance solution for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).In 2005, the company and the American Bar Association (ABA), a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, teamed up to offer attorneys nationwide free access to continuing legal education (CLE) through a series of live teleconferences. In the same year, Paychex launched Accountant Advisory Boar ds in three cities in the US, farther accentuating its focus on partnering with accounting professionals who play a vital role in influencing the purchase decisions of small business owners.Paychex added Paychex COBRA Administration to its suite of human resource services for SMEs, in 2006. In the following year, the company introduced Tax Credit Services, a product that provided SMEs across the US with a tool to help them key out and apply for wage-based tax credits they may be eligible to receive. Subsequently, Paychex acquired Hawthorne Benefit Technologies, a privately held company in San Diego, California, and BeneTrac, a provider of online employee benefit administration solutions.In 2007, the company launched Paychex workers compensation payment service, which is an expanded service to include Paychex major market services (MMS) clients. In the same year, Paychex and Taleo, a provider of on-demand talent management solutions, formed a strategicalliance to allow SMEs to compe te in the recruiting and retention of top talent. Subsequently, Paychex and BeneTrac integrated Paychex preview payroll software and BeneTracs web-based benefits enrollment andadministration technology. Later in the year, Paychex launched the Paychex accountant knowledge center, an online resource center available on the accounting portal of www.paychex.com.

Human genome online assignment Essay

1) If genetic manipulation does become a reality, I think allowing non-disease characteristics to be adapted would have serious ethical and social implications. Screening for diseases and treating or eradicating them totally would be a huge benefit to mankind, but to use genetic applied science to produce designer babies pull up stakes most likely lead to a social divide similar to that portrayed in the movie Gattaca (De Vito and Niccol, 1997).Such technology would most likely be expensive and only those who can afford it will benefit and gain undue advantage over those not gilt enough to have the financial means to avail of the technology, leading to a social system where you have the genetically-enhanced superior class and the inferior citizens conceived the natural way. 2) I dont think life damages companies should have access to a persons genetic information. As it is, I believe insurance policies already hold a lot of stipulations that policy holders more often than not, en d up receiving the short end of the bargain.If insurance companies find step to the fore that a person has a predisposition to a disease, they could easily refuse to provide that person with insurance and that I think, would be unfair since they would be depriving that person of his bring to secure financial aid in case he does get sick. In the interest of fairly sharing risks though, insurance companies may be allowed extra access to genetic information. Limited, because I believe the welf are of policy holders should still be of topmost priority and any form of discrimination against individuals should not be allowed.3) Yes, I believe that the information from the Human Genome Project (HGP) will bring tremendous benefits to a lot of people in the next 20 years. engineering science develops at a rattling fast pace and it is not impossible that Collins predictions may very well come true. Already, the underlying genetic problems prudent for certain diseases have already been i dentified and with the genetic map from the HGP, the causes of a lot of other afflictions will be identified and from there, therapies can and will be developed.Even though custom-made therapies will most likely be more difficult to develop and perfect, the identification of disease genes will still greatly benefit the general population (Nova Online, 2001). 4) I think we are not that prepared for the implications that will result from the applications of these information. Right now, our society is already struggling with different other ethical issues in other biotechnological fields like stem cell research and it would be too naive to ignore the present and electromotive force issues that may arise due to the far-reaching consequences of the HGP.5) I dont think employers should have access to an individuals genetic information since there is the peril that a person may be discriminated on the basis of his genetic profile. As of present, I think discrimination may be viewed as s ingling out an individual for what he is (e. g. his race, gender, etc. ), but to discriminate someone based on his genetic profile would also mean discriminating him for what he could be. A person can be at risk for a certain disease but thats just it its a probability, not a guarantee.Besides, it would also mean discounting a persons capabilities in spite of whatever genetic condition he may have. There have been unconditioned stories of people overcoming their disabilities so there is no reason that one should be discriminated or favored based on his genetic makeup. 6) I dont think it is that surprising, especially if I consider that like me, these lower organisms are alive, so its really just logical that we do share something in common. Considering though how much more complex we wait to be compared to these organisms, then yes, it is surprising that we dont seem to be that genetically different from them.7) I believe that testing of unborn children should be confined to dele terious genes, i. e. those that have serious and possibly life-threatening consequences such as that with diseases. I believe its a matter of putting things in perspective. Traits and disabilities like homosexuality or color blindness may be undesirable but they really seem trivial compared to serious afflictions that may mean life or death for the child. 8) If its a curable or preventable disease, then I would in all probability be in favor of being tested so that I can take the necessary steps to prevent or prepare myself in case I do get sick.However, I cant say that decision would be as simple in the case of non-treatable diseases, because as with the woman who tested positive for a BRCA mutation (Nova Online, 2001), knowing that I am at risk for a disease that has no cure will probably mean that I will be living my life everyday with a sword hanging over my head and it would be very hard to live life that way. 9) Yes, I would motive my mate and I to be tested if we were carri ers for a disease prior to having children.I wouldnt indigence to take the risk of bearing a child only to have him/her suffer from the disease that we carry when we couldve spared him/her from that difficult life. I believe that I owe it to my future child to have myself and my partner tested. 10) I dont think genes or genomic material should be patented because as Lander has observed, apprehensions over whether a particular gene or part of the genome has already been patented has become a limiting factor in that drug companies usually wouldnt want to take the risk of break downing on treatments that might already be protected by a patent (Nova Online, 2001).I believe that there are several ways that scientists can approach a disease and develop a treatment for it, so why patent genes or genomic material? wherefore not just let everybody have access to such information so that not only one drug company can work at a specific disease but rather several, so that theres a better ch ance that one of them will be able to develop a treatment which they would then have all the right to patent? Lets take for example the case of cystic fibrosis.The gene responsible for this disease was discovered way back in 1989 and yet no cure has been discovered up to now (Nova Online, 2001). It only goes to taper that identifying the gene responsible for the disease does not automatically mean that the cure would also be discovered consequently, so why allow the burden of encourage limitations brought on by patents?References De Vito, D. (Producer), & Niccol, A. (Director). (1997). Gattaca Motion Picture. USA Sony Pictures. NOVA Online. (2001). Cracking the code of life. Retrieved May 30, 2007, from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/genome/program. html.

How Does Stress Affect Appetite? Essay

First off I chose this topic because of personal experiences. At times when I was chargesing I disc all over that I would gull an increase in appetite. I first asked myself, is stress reliable for most weight gain in individuals? just I found that question too complex to answer in a short amount of time. After looking over my resources, I noticed that the studies had a focus on sexual activity or food choice of stressed individuals. So in this paper I have a focus on gender and food choice. I hypothesize that women will be to a gr ejecter extent likely to eat sweet foods and to be more(prenominal) stressed than men. emphasise is that uneasy emotion or feeling that has you feeling blue, down, sad, and depressed-like. or so people experience some type of stress at some point in their life. In stressful situations your brain will signal the adrenal gland glands to release a hormone. That hormone is called cortisol. Cortisol releases glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream to provide energy to the muscles.When you have high cortisol levels, appetite increases as well as the fat deposits made. A lot of this weight will settle in the trunk, cervical, or venter argona of the stressed person. You will similarly begin to crave foods that contain high calories and few nutrients, which are not wakeless. Stress causes the body to burn more vitamins and minerals. Some of those burned are magnesium, vitamin B and zinc. These vitamins are needed to balance blood kail, a downfall in these levels cause and increase in stress. The adrenal glands require more vitamin C and pantothenic acid during stress. This vitamin is also part of the vitamin B complex. (Tice)When stressed it seems im achievable to sleep alone sleep deprivation affects blood sugar levels by increasing cortisol and reducing the production of leptin. This will cause you eat more and become an emotional confluent instead of being physically hungry. The lack of exercise will cause cortisol leve ls to be high as well. Stress can affect you appetite in a trinity ways. You can have a loss of appetite, an increase in appetite which causes you to overeat, or a mixtureof both. Those who overeat are most likely to be emotional eaters.Emotional have is when a person eats for reasons such as emotional upheavals, rather than for hunger itself. (Paul M.) The definition for emotional eating is lunacy in an excessive consumption of food. (Paul M.) Those who restrict their intake of food are called restrictive eater. But in this paper I focus on those who are emotional eaters and or overeat. viandss that are eaten during stress are often referred to as junk food or comfort foods. Although they may not be healthy they make the feelings of stress go away temporarily.Stress and Food Choice A science laboratory StudyThe first matter I looked at was think on the food choice that individuals chose during stressful times. Their initial question is whether or not acute stress alters foo d choice during a meal. This study was also designed to test claims of selective set ups of stress on appetite for specific sensory and nutritional categories of food and interactions with eating attitudes. Three categories of the food types were sweet, engaging and bland. Twenty seven men and forty one women volunteered for this study. They were all nonsmokers and ages range between 18 and 46. They were also paid seven dollars to complete the study. They were allocated to either a stress or controlled conditions during which they were provided with a buffet lunch. For stress manipulation, the tested group was told that they had to prepare a 4 minute speech performance that would be recorded, with yet ten minutes to prepare.This would occur right after eating the buffet. This speech performance task was not mention to the control group. Instead they were told to read over a passage while listening to music. Music is found to be calming and soothing. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured and the participants did a self-report of style measure. This measure was on arrival and after the 10 minute stress induction. At the beginning they were asked to rate hunger level on scale 1 to 7. At the end they were to rate the perceived stressfulness on a scale of 1 to 7.Two measures to assess the effect of the stress manipulation on eating behavior and food choice were the food intake during a meal and appetite for a range of foods immediately before eating the meal. For food intake, the participants were allowed to eat freely for 15 minutes from a buffet lunch. For appetite ratings, the participants were presented with photos of food and asked how much do youfancy eating some of this food at the second gear? and indicated their response on a scale from 1 to 7. -The results were that increases in blood pressure and changes in mood showed the effectiveness of the stressor. Stress did not alter overall intake or appetite for the food categories. Stressed emotion al eaters ate more sweet high fat foods and a more energy duncical meal than unstressed and non-emotional eaters. Women scored higher than men on the emotional eating scale as expected. Men ate significantly more bland and stimulating foods than women. Just with this one study it does show that stress can alter food choice and intake of food. There isnt a big gender difference but it was determined that women are more likely to be emotional eaters. This was a small study so that could be a possible limitation. There is evidence that snack consumption may be more susceptible to stress than meals. Most stressed individuals prefer to snack instead of meals but also because of small energy dense snacks are more easily ingested and digested when gut activity is suppressed by sympathetic arousal. (Georgina) -There are no significant differences between genders when it comes to stress. There is belief that women experience more stress than men. Some research suggests that in stress copin g behavior, men are more likely to turn to alcohol or smoking and that women turn to food. (Harvard) A study showed that out of 5,000 obese men and women, womens obesity was stress tie in eating but not for men. (Harvard) Although there is a high weight gain for both sexes, it is higher in men.The Effects of Stress on Food Choice, Mood and Bodyweight in Healthy Women This source examined the effects of stress on the neuroendocrine production of cortisol and links it to potential changes in food choice, bodyweight and mood. (Roberts) stressful situations can cause you to have a lower mood, increased energy intake such as fatty acids and non-milk extrinsic sugars and bodyweight to go up and down. This study looked a 71 healthy women in their forties.The end result they found that there is an increase in cortisol secretion during a period of continuing stress to be stronglycorrelated with changes in food choice and increased energy consumption, as well as an increase in intake of sa turated fatty acids and NMES. (Roberts) This then led to an increase in bodyweight. During the stress period there was an increase of depression and anxiety but there was no we could nd no correlation with mood, food choice or energy intake. This study also found that women with a body mass index (BMI) on the higher side of healthy, who experienced a signicant increase in cortisol secretion under chronic stress, were more vulnerable to increases in bodyweight than women with lower BMIs and a smaller increase in cortisol secretion. (Roberts)I definitely agree with women eating more sweets when stressed. Every time I am under stress I eat sweets and must have a soda with it. Even though I may have had a meal an hour before hand I still crave it. Seems very interesting how our bodies respond to stress. I believe this has a permanent effect on the body. Once you become under stress for a period of time and consistently eat, I believe that the bad habit of being an emotional eater is har d to break. I have found it hard to break. According to my research stress does have an effect on appetite and it does alter food choices. Most men prefer salty or bland foods and women prefer sweets. There isnt much gender differences but women seem to have more effect of stress than men.ReferencesBirmingham, K. (2006). Effect of Stress on Eating Habits. Effect of Stress on Eating Habits. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http//www.eatingdisordershelpguide.com/eating-disorders/effect-of-stress-on-eating-habits.htm D. (2010, September). Stresshacker. Stresshacker. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from http//www.stresshacker.com/2010/09/can-comfort-food-reduce-stress/ Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. (2000, June 21). Stress May Add Bite to Appetite in Women A Laboratory Study of Stress Induced Cortisol and Eating Behavior. Elsveir.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from http//writing.unc.edu/sites/default/files/Epel.pdf Georgina, O., Wardle, J., & Gibson, L. (1999, October 1 8). Psychosomatic Medicine. Stress and Food Choice A Laboratory Study. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/62/6/853.full Harvard Health.

Elie Wiesel’s “Night”- Journal Entry Essay

Luck is on Wiesels SideI am too ancient, my watchword, he answered. Too old to start a new life. Too old to start from scratch in some distant land (9)This scene where Elies father rejects his sons request to liquidate everything and flee from the place where the extermination of Jews may occur, reminds me of a vivid chat I once engaged in, with my devil former North Korean grandparents.The Korean War (1950-53) and the final solution (1938-45) are in most aspects different, however, there is a heartbreaking similarity existing between the two incidents. That is, the pain of the victims gained from the separation of the family.While reading this novel Night, for several times we questioned the reason why the Jews , condescension hearing the Nazi plans of annihilating the entire population dispersed throughout nations, didnt take view to flee from the town. As we discussed in class, primarily, the Jews were skeptical that such inhumane incident would take place in the world, unti l they underwent the incredible agonenies both physically and mentally. Secondly, the Jews simply were unable to find some place to leave for. authentic enough, they were unwilling to become homeless even under adverse conditions of life under the hands of the SS officers. (which they didnt expect to be the holocaust)The first reason pointed above also applies to the families during the Korean War. Subsequent to the outbreak of war, young, soaked men were forced to join the army in North Korea.This meant to my North Korean grandfather in his 30s, fighting against the southmost Koreans was a patriotic obligation. However, he refused to fight, or support the government, and along the group of press he realized that the only way of escaping from the ordeal was to abandon his home and flee to the southeasterly. Of course, he potently urged his parents to come along with him. Nevertheless, they responded him by emphasizing him of their old age and their strong will to ensure the guard duty of the house until the war ends. In spite of my grandfathers further persuasion, they remained stubborn, and he could do cryptograph but to leave his parents behind and depart to a distant land.In the novel, I was indeed rejoicing when the Wiesel family encounters theirformer maid Maria in Uncle Mendels house, Elie refuses her offer of safe shelter in her village. authoritative enough, if Elie and his brother went off with her, they might have avoided the terrifying labor camps where their livelihoods were jeopardized. However, I feel that wouldnt be worse than the guilt of deserting ones own blood and flesh. Although we must take in good will of Wiesel witnessing his fathers death, he is aware that keeping silence is the optimal choice that wouldnt alter the situation, whereas my grandparents made the decision by themselves, to abandon their parents and friends with their own two feet. (though they werent aware that North and South would be completely divided)My gra ndparents have always regretted the decision theyve made. They felt deep remorse in deviation their parents for their own good. My grandfather, for years, took alcohol as a catharsis to his mental pains, and my grandmother would frequently break into tear by the tragic separation and the gnawing guilt at her premature decision.For the several decades of their life, they have been hoping to see their love ones again through the many channels of communication including telephone, letters, the media or family visits that existed in the recent years. Unfortunately, they never reached in contact with them. Bearing in mind the threatens of the authority of its propaganda, the government in Pyongyang is preventing personal exchanges as much as it can, for they are unwilling to permit individuals from the estranged parts of the country to meet in person. For fifty years, they lived a life without hearing from their parents and relatives. My grandfather unfortunately passed away two years ago due to cancer, and his cemetery is located in the closest area to the border between North and South Korea.Luck is on Wiesels side for he can stay with his father in the labor camps, which definitely gives him a meaning to his life and thus he gains the hope, support and the reason to survive. If I were compose in his shoes at the start of the novel, and had to make a choice between labor camps and abandoning parents, I would have chosen the former categorically.

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay

A.The rise of new imperialism of the 19th and primeval 20th century involved europium going into Africa. The causes of imperialism in Africa were partly due to the decolonization in America. The European powers were out political and economic suck up by the United States gaining their independence. In 1876 European powers oddly nance Leopold II of Belgium, agreed in the Berlin Conference to split up the land in Africa, no longer invading to colonize but to gain political, military and economic power. The methods to imperialism of the African land were make differently, by each European power. The British who imperialized the cape of Africa used laws and indirect methods to gain power, however King Leopold II used extreme force to gain control of the Congo. The Congo was then ruled with hard-and-fast political control and military force.A1.Between the years 1885 and 1905 more than 10 million indigenous flock of Congo were murdered. King Leopold II used the natives as slave lab or to gain resources such as rubber and ivory. Edward Morel an dischargeicial that monitored shipping traffic started noticing that King Leopold II ships came back with tons of cargo, but minor to no cargo was cosmos sent to the Congo for trade. Morel in short put two and two unneurotic and realized the native people were organism used as slave labor. In doing so Morel soon started to organize a protest. Other than the protest that Morel started the people of Congo were silent, due to galore(postnominal) years of off and on again use as slave laborers.B.The Russian regeneration of 1917 was a violent rotation and in comparison to the Indian Independence endeavor was a nonviolent regeneration both had causes and objects that bequeath be discussed. To begin, the Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by food shortages and the peoples opposition to thegovernment, ran by Nicolas II who was czar. Czar Nicolas II had pushed into World War I go forth the people in Russia in anguis h due to the many losses and economic downfall. This downfall came due to the amount of soldier and horses being placed into the war leaving the peasants at home with a loss of man power to continue a, standard of living( Causes of the Russian Revolution 2).Due to the decrease in man power, and materials to use at the home front, prices increased and a hunger endemic began. With hunger increasing and inflation of prices continuing strikes began, which eventually stop transportation. When the transportation stopped supplies and food did not get to the soldiers at war decreasing the amount of people who believed in the czar. The goal of the peasants of the Russian Revolution of 1917, was to gain a new leader and for their voices to be heard. In March 1917, a riot of peasants, and soldiers stormed the streets with the support of the Duma, a group of government officials, forcing Nicolas II out of power.The Indian Independence Movement was a nonviolent revolution that gained Indias inde pendence in August 15, 1947 from Britain, French and Portugal. The start of the revolution began in 1857 when Indian soldiers rebelled against the British East Indian Company when Indian political rights were not being honored, however British squashed the matter. Eventually, non- violent movements began in 1918-1922 when, suppression of civil liberties, political rights and culture, were not being recognized by the British (Sharma, S. (2010)).The movement was led by the Indian National Congress who were at a lower place the direct leadership of Mohandas Ganghi. The movement held a revolt in 1942, demanding that the British leave India, known as the Quit India Movement, due to the riot in Calcutta, Independence was finally gained(Sharma, S. (2010)). The goal of the revolution was finally met to gain civil liberties, political integrity and have Indian culture recognized. B1.The strategies of the two revolution discussed above complicate a riot in the Russian Revolution of 1917. I n the riot peasants, soldiers and the Duma stood together to over upchuck the czar. In the Indian Independence Movement the strategies were to use boycotts and stances against the British force togain their independence.ReferencesCauses of the Russian Revolution of February/March 1917. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.johndclare.net/Russ3.htm Causes of the Russian Revolution 2 What were the causes of the Russian Revolution? (n.d.). Retrieved from http//europeanhistory.about.com/od/russiaandukraine/a/Causes-Of-The-Russian-Revolution_2.htm Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopolds ghost A story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa ebrary book. Retrieved from https//lrps.wgu.edu/provision/17910385 Sharma, S. (2010). Civil rights movements ebrary book. Retrieved from http//lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8542979 SparkNotes Europe 1871-1914 The Scramble for Africa (1876-1914). (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871-1914/section5.rhtml

“Many Scientists Have Concluded That Human Activities Are Acting to Raise Global Temperatures”

Introduction Climatologists (scientists who study climate) entertain analyzed the global warming that has totalred since the late 1800s. A bulk of climatologists aim concluded that human race activities be responsible for most of the warming. Human activities are throwing our inherent glassho custom splosh onus out of balance (Norby & Luo, 2004282). Basically, we are surrounded by a blanket of radiate called the aviation which has kept the temperature on earth just right for centuries (Climate and Society).Just as the glass in a glasshouse holds the solarizes warmth inside, so the breeze traps the suns heat near the earths surface and keeps the earth warm. We call this the natural nursery effect be wee it makes the earth a perfect planet for growing and living things. Because of this blanket, for hundreds of years the earths atmospheric state has changed really little. It has kept the right temperature for plants, animal and humans to survive quite comfortably (Norby & Luo, 2004282). Greenhouse wasteses are twain natural and manmade. These gasolineses are Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Nitrous Oxide (Miller, 2005475).This following essay impart detail unlike human activities as well as other forces that are affecting the natural greenhouse gas effect. Further more(prenominal), it lead address the issue of global warming as well as outline both(prenominal) of the many consequences of global warming. world(a) Temperatures The main human activities that contribute to global warming are the anxious of fogey fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land. Most of the burning occurs in automobiles, in factories, and in electric function plants that earmark energy for houses and off starter buildings (Juery Rohrer, 2007).The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 fr om the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to start food(Miller, 2005475). The clearing of land contributes to the build up of CO2 by reducing the rate at which the gas is removed from the atmosphere or by the decomposition of dead vegetation (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically summationd within the last 50 years and are still change magnitude by intimately 3% each year, see graph belowGraph 1 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere where it be for 100 to 200 years. This leads to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which in turn causes the just temperature on Earth to emanation (Miller, 2005475) (see graph on next page). Graph 2 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) A gnomish snatch of scientists argue that the extend in greenhouse gases has non made a measurable engagement in the temperature. They say that natural processes could have caused global warming. Those processes embarrass inc reases in the energy emitted by the sun (Norby & Luo, 2004282).But the great majority of climatologists believe that increases in the suns energy have contributed only slightly to recent warming. spherical calefacient Continued global warming could have many damaging cause. It readiness harm plants and animals that receive in the ocean. It could similarly force animals and plants on land to move to new habitats (McCright & Dunlap, 2000517). Weather patterns could change, causing flooding, drought, and an increase in damaging storms. Global warming could melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level. In certain parts of the world, human disease could spread, and crop yields could decline (McCright & Dunlap, 2000517) .Some details of the damaging effects include Harm to ocean life Through global warming, the surface piddles of the oceans could release warmer, increasing the nidus on ocean ecosystems, such(prenominal) as coral reefs. mettlesome water temperatures can cause a damaging process called coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they expel the algae that give them their colour and nourishment. The corals turn sporting and, unless the water temperature cools, they die. Added warmth also helps spread diseases that affect sea creatures. Changes of habitat Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals and plants.Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has altered the landscape painting in ways that would make new habitats hard to reach or unavailable altogether. Weather wrong ingrained weather conditions might become more frequent and therefore more damaging. Changes in rain patterns could increase both flooding and drought in some areas. More hurricanes and other tropical storms might occur, and they could become more powerful. Rising sea levelContinued global warming might, o ver centuries, melt large amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica. As a result, the sea level would rise end-to-end the world. Many coastal areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other inhabited regions. Threats to human health tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could cause more deaths and illnesses.Floods and droughts could increase hunger and malnutrition. Conclusion Human activity definitely have had a noticeable and enter effect on the steady rise in global temperatures, but there are also arguably other factors that contribute to overall global warming. Either way the argument should not be intimately who or what to blame for global warming but rather how to slow it down and correct the trauma that is being done. Reference list Juery Rohrer. (2007). Time for change. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http//timeforchange. org/CO2-cause-of-global-warmingMcCright, A,M. , & Dunlap, R,E. (2000). Challeging global warming as a mixer problem An alalysis of the conservative movements counter-claim. Journal of Social Problems, 47(4), 500-522. Climate and Society. The earth institute. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http//www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/about/about. hypertext markup language Miller, G,T,JR. (2005). existent in the Environment, 14th ed, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Norby,R,J. , & Luo, Y. (2004). Evaluating ecosystems responses to rising atmospheric CO2 and global warming in a multi-factor world. New Phytologist, 162(2), 281-293.Many Scientists Have Concluded That Human Activities Are Acting to Raise Global TemperaturesIntroduction Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since the late 1800s. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities are throwing our natural greenhouse gas effect out of balance (Norby & Luo, 2004282). Basically, we are surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere which has kept the temperature on earth just right for centuries (Climate and Society).Just as the glass in a greenhouse holds the suns warmth inside, so the atmosphere traps the suns heat near the earths surface and keeps the earth warm. We call this the natural greenhouse effect because it makes the earth a perfect planet for growing and living things. Because of this blanket, for hundreds of years the earths atmosphere has changed very little. It has kept the right temperature for plants, animal and humans to survive quite comfortably (Norby & Luo, 2004282). Greenhouse gasses are both natural and manmade. These gasses are Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Nitrous Oxide (Miller, 2005475).This following essay will detail various hum an activities as well as other forces that are affecting the natural greenhouse gas effect. Furthermore, it will address the issue of global warming as well as outline some of the many consequences of global warming. Global Temperatures The main human activities that contribute to global warming are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land. Most of the burning occurs in automobiles, in factories, and in electric power plants that provide energy for houses and office buildings (Juery Rohrer, 2007).The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food(Miller, 2005475). The clearing of land contributes to the build up of CO2 by reducing the rate at which the gas is removed from the atmosphere or by the decomposition of dead vegetation (Juery Rohre r, 2007) The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing by almost 3% each year, see graph belowGraph 1 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere where it remains for 100 to 200 years. This leads to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which in turn causes the average temperature on Earth to rise (Miller, 2005475) (see graph on next page). Graph 2 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) A small number of scientists argue that the increase in greenhouse gases has not made a measurable difference in the temperature. They say that natural processes could have caused global warming. Those processes include increases in the energy emitted by the sun (Norby & Luo, 2004282).But the vast majority of climatologists believe that increases in the suns energy have contributed only slightly to recent warming. Global Warming Continued global warming could have many damaging effects. It might harm plants a nd animals that live in the sea. It could also force animals and plants on land to move to new habitats (McCright & Dunlap, 2000517). Weather patterns could change, causing flooding, drought, and an increase in damaging storms. Global warming could melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level. In certain parts of the world, human disease could spread, and crop yields could decline (McCright & Dunlap, 2000517) .Some details of the damaging effects include Harm to ocean life Through global warming, the surface waters of the oceans could become warmer, increasing the stress on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs. High water temperatures can cause a damaging process called coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they expel the algae that give them their colour and nourishment. The corals turn white and, unless the water temperature cools, they die. Added warmth also helps spread diseases that affect sea creatures. Changes of habitat Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats o f animals and plants.Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to reach or unavailable altogether. Weather damage Extreme weather conditions might become more frequent and therefore more damaging. Changes in rainfall patterns could increase both flooding and drought in some areas. More hurricanes and other tropical storms might occur, and they could become more powerful. Rising sea levelContinued global warming might, over centuries, melt large amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica. As a result, the sea level would rise throughout the world. Many coastal areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, an d other inhabited regions. Threats to human health Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could cause more deaths and illnesses.Floods and droughts could increase hunger and malnutrition. Conclusion Human activity definitely have had a noticeable and documented effect on the steady rise in global temperatures, but there are also arguably other factors that contribute to overall global warming. Either way the argument should not be about who or what to blame for global warming but rather how to slow it down and repair the damage that is being done. Reference list Juery Rohrer. (2007). Time for change. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http//timeforchange. org/CO2-cause-of-global-warmingMcCright, A,M. , & Dunlap, R,E. (2000). Challeging global warming as a social problem An alalysis of the conservative movements counter-claim. Journal of Social Problems, 47(4), 500-522. Climate and Society. The earth institu te. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http//www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/about/about. html Miller, G,T,JR. (2005). Living in the Environment, 14th ed, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Norby,R,J. , & Luo, Y. (2004). Evaluating ecosystems responses to rising atmospheric CO2 and global warming in a multi-factor world. New Phytologist, 162(2), 281-293.

Anne Fleche – the Space of Madness and Desire

Tennessee Williams exploits the expressionistic uses of space in the caper, attempting to represent need from the emergeside, that is, in its noble ch tout ensembleenge to realistic stability and closure, and in its exposure to risk. Loosening both stage and verbal dustups from their dense desire for closure and containment, Streetcar exposes the danger and the violence of this desire, which is al musical modes the desire for the closure of desire. Writing in a period when U. S. rama was becoming disillusi rightd with realness, Williams achieves a critical distance from realistic technique through with(predicate) his use of eitheregory. In Blanches reap about the bridle-pathcar, the fact that she is describing real places, cars, and transfers has the surprising effect of enhancing kind of than decrease the metaphorical parallels in her style. Indeed, Streetcars duplicities of expression(3) argon tear down more(prenominal) striking in the light of criticisms new renewal of interest in allegory. 4) For allegory establishes the distance amid the representative and the semantic function of delivery (I89), the desire that is in language to unify (with) experience. Streetcar demonstrates the ways in which distance in the drama contri exactlye be expanded and contracted, and what spatial relativism reveals about the economy of dramatic representation. Tennessee Williams shimmers, filled with allegorical language, seem alike to set about a tentative, unfinished eccentric person. The metalanguage of desire seems to preclude development, to deny progress.And yet it seems natural to designate A Streetcar Named Desire as an allegorical journey toward Blanches apocalyptic destruction at the turn over of her executioner, Stanley. The plays violence, its baroque images of decadence and lawlessness, promise its audience the thrilling destruction of the aristocratic Southern Poe-esque moth-like neuraesthenic female Blanche by the ape-like brutish male from the Ameri dissolve melting-pot. The play is full in fact of realisms developmental language of evolution, degeneration, eugenics. in front deciding that Stanley is merely an ape, Blanche sees him as an asset Oh, I guess hes just non the type that goes for jasmine perfume, entirely maybe hes what we need to mix with our blood straightway that weve lost Belle Reve (285). The surprising sheerg about this play is that the allegorical reading also seems to be the most realistic one, the reading that imposes a unity of language and experience to make structural mind of the play, that is, to make its events organic, natural, inevitable.And yet this feels false, because allegorical language resists being pinned vote down by realistic summary it is eer only half a written report. provided it is possible to snug the gap between the language and the stage image, between the stage image and its double reality, by a double forgetting first we vex to forget that realism i s belles-lettres, and thus already a metaphor, and then we have to forget the distance between allegory and reality. To conjecture that realisms empiricism is indistinguishable from metaphor is to make it one with a moral, natural siteing of events.Stanley is wrong and Blanche is right, the moralists agree. But the hypocrisy of the priggish reading is in short revealed in its ambivalence toward Blanche/Stanley to order events sequentially requires a reading that finds Blanches delight inevitable, a condition of the formal anatomical structure she is the erring woman who gets what she asks for (her realistic antecedents be clear). For the prigs this outcome skill not be unthinkable, though it might be what is worse distasteful. But Williams seems deliberately to be making interpretation a line he doesnt exclude the prigs reading, he invites it.What makes Streetcar different from Williams earlier play The Glass Menagerie (I944)(5) is its constant self-betrayal into and out o f analytic norms. The realistic set-ups in this play really feel like set-ups, a magicians tricks, inviting readings that leave you dangling from your own schematic noose. Analytically, this play is a nail down it is brilliantly confused yet without following its leads there is no way to get bothwhere at all. Streetcar has a map, exclusively it has changed the street signs, relying on the impulse of desire to take the play historic its plots.In a way it is wrong to say Williams does not write stamp outings. He writes elaborate strings of them. Williams has sendn over Streetcar strong ties to the reassuring blandishment of realism. Several references to Stanleys cargoner as A Master Sergeant in the Engineers Corps (258) set the effect in the present, immediately later the war. The geographical location, as with The Glass Menagerie, is specific, the neighborhood life represented with a greater naturalistic fidelity Above he music of the Blue Piano the voices of people on the street can be heard overlapping (243).Lighting and sound effects may give the guess a kind of lyricism (243), but this seems itself a realistic touch for The Quarter (4I2). Even the privileged set, when it appears (after a similar wipe-out of the fourth wall), resembles The Glass Menagerie in lay-out and configuration a ground-floor apartment, with devil rooms separated by portieres, occupied by three characters, one of them male. Yet there atomic number 18 also troubling realistic details, to which the play seems to point. The mise en scene seems to be providing in any case very much(prenominal) border to provide for closure there is no place for anyone to go.There is no fire escape, even though in this play soulfulness does yell Fire Fire Fire (390). In fact, heat and fire and escape are crowing verbal and visual themes. And the flat does not, as it seems to in The Glass Menagerie, extend to another(prenominal)(prenominal) rooms beyond the wings, but ends in a cul-d e-sac a doorway to the bathroom which becomes Blanches significant place for escape and privacy. near disturbing, however, is not the increased sense of confinement but this absence of privacy, of analytical, territorial space.No gentleman phoner invited for supper invades this condemnation, but an anarchic wilderness of French Quarter hoi polloi who spill onto the set and into the flat as negligently as the piano music from the bar around the corner. There does not seem to be anywhere to go to evade the intrusiveness and the violence when the flat erupts, as it does on the poker night, Stanleys tirade sends Stella and Blanche upstair to Steve and Eunice, the landlords with, of course, an unlimited run of the house (We own this place so I can let you in 48 ), whose goings-on are equally slam-bang and uncontained. Stella jokes, You turn in that one upstairs? more laughter adept time laughing the plaster laughing cracked (294). The violence is not an isolated climax, but a repetitive pattern of the action, a put forward of being it does not resolve anything BLANCHE Im not used to such MITCH Naw, its a shame this had to happen when you just got here. But dont take it serious. BLANCHE Violence Is so MITCH Set down on the steps and have a cigarette with e. (308) Anxiety and conflict have become permanent and unresolvable, inconclusive. It is not clear what, if anything, they mean. Unlike realistic drama, which produces clashes in order to push the action forward, Streetcar disallows its events a pellucidity of function, an orderliness. The ordering of events, which constitutes the temporality of realism, is thus no less arbitrary in Streetcar than the ordering of ringtail the exterior keeps becoming the inside, and vice versa.Williams has done more to relativize space in Streetcar than he did in The Glass Menagerie, where he visualized the fourth wall here the outer(prenominal) wall appears and disappears more than a half-dozen times, often in the middle of a scene, drawing attention to the spatial fallacy rather than making its boundaries absolute. The effect on spatial metaphor is that we are not allowed to forget that it is metaphor and so capable of infinite extensions and retractions.As we might expect, then, struggle over territory between Stanley and Blanche (Hey, canary bird Toots gain OUT of the BATHROOM 367 ) which indeed yields in Stanleys reasserting the male as King (37I6 and pushing Blanche morosestage, punished and defeated is short unanalytical and unsubtle Shell go Period. P. S. Shell go Tuesday (367). While the expressionistic sequence beginning in Scene Six with Blanches commemoration of The Grey oy (355) relativizes space and time, evoking Blanches memories, it also seems to drain her expressive power. By the time Stanley is about to botch up her she mouths the kinds of things Williams ensnare on screens in The Glass Menagerie In desperate, desperate set Help me Caught in a trap (400). She is establishing her emotions like sign-posts Stay back I condemn you, dont, Im in danger (40I). What had seemed a way into Blanches character has had the effect of externalizing her feelings so much that they become impersonal.In Streetcar, space does not provide, as it does in realistic drama, an objective sideslip for a characters psychology it keeps turning inside out, obliterating the spatial distinctions that had helped to define the realistic character as someone whose inner life drove the action. Now the driving force of emotion replaces the subtlety of expectation, leaving character out in space, dangling There isnt time to be Blanche explains into the phone (399) faced with a overweight proximity, she phones long-distance, and forgets to hang up. The expressionistic techniques of the latter half of he play abstract the idiosyncratic from the milieu, and emotion begins to overleap the representation of events. In Scene Ten, where Blanche and Stanley have their most viol ent and erotic confrontation, the play lapses all sense of frontier. The front of the house is already transparent but now Williams also dissolves the rear wall, so that beyond the scene with Blanche and Stanley we can see what is happening on the next street A prostitute has turn a drunkard. He pursues her along the walk, overtakes her and then is a struggle. A policemans whistle breaks it up.The figures disappear. Some moments later the lightlessness Woman appears around the corner with a sequined bag which the prostitute had dropped on the walk. She is rooting excitedly through it. (399) The mise en scene exposes more of the realistic world than before, since now we see the right(prenominal) as well as the inside of the house at once, and yet the effect is one of intense prevalent paranoia the threat of violence is real, not remembered and it is everywhere. The walls have become spaces along which frightening, sinuous shadows weave lurid, grotesque and grim (398-99).The pa rameters of Blanches presence are unstable images of threatening flames of desire, and this sense of sexual danger seems to draw the action toward itself. So it is as though Blanche somehow draw outs rape to Stanley it is already in the air, we can see it being given to him as if it were a thought You think Ill interfere with you? Ha-ha Come to think of it maybe you wouldnt be rugged to interfere with (40I). The inner-outer distinctions of both realistic and expressionistic representation are shown coming together here.Williams makes no childbed to suggest that the lurid expressionistic images in Scene Ten are all in Blanches mind, as cinematic point-of-view would the world distant the house is the realistic world of urban poverty and violence. But it is also the domain of the brutes, whose inhuman jungle voices rise up (40I) as Stanley, snakelike, tongue between his teeth, closes in. The play seems to swivel on this moment, when the logic of appearance and essence, the ind ividual and the abstract, turns inside-out, like the set, seeming to shack for once the same space.It is all the demolition of realistic objectivity or the transition-point at which realism takes over some new territory. At this juncture objective vision becomes an removed seen from inside for the abstraction that allows realism to represent truth objectively cannot itself be explained as objectivity. The surface in Scene Ten seems to be disclosing, without our having to look in addition deeply, a static primal moment beneath the immediacy of the action the sexual taboo underneath realistic discourse BLANCHE Stay back Dont you come toward me another tep or Ill STANLEY What? BLANCHE Some awful thing will happen It will STANLEY What are you putting on now? They are now both inside the bedroom BLANCHE I warn you, dont, Im in danger (40I) What will happen in the bedroom does not have a name, or even an agency. The incestuous relation lies beyond the moral and social order of marria ge and the family, adaptation and eugenics, not to describe (as Williams minds us here) the fact that it is unmentionable. Whatever words Blanche uses to describe it scarcely matter.As Stella says, I couldnt believe her figment and go on living with Stanley (405). The rape in Streetcar thus seems familiar and inevitable, even to its characters, who lose the shape of characters and become violent antagonists as if on cue Oh So you indigence some roughhouse from separately one right, lets have some roughhouse (402). When Blanche sinks to her knees, it is as if the action is an acknowledgment. Stanley holds Blanche, who has become inert he carries her to the bed. She is not only silent but crumpled, immobile, while he takes over control and agency.He literally places her on the set. But Williams does not suggest that Stanley is conscious and autonomous on the contrary the scene is constructed so as to make him as unindividuated as Blanche they seem, at this crucial point, more th an ever part of an allegorical landscape. In a way, it is the impersonality of the rape that is most telling the loss of individuality and the spatial distinctions that allow for character are effected in a scene that expressionistically dissolves character into an overwhelming mise en scene that, itself, seems to make things happen.The meaning of the rape is charge by the play, denying Stanley and Blanche any emotion. Thus, the rape scene ends without words and without conflict the scene has become the conflict, and its image the emotion. by chance Streetcar and Williams present problems for those interested in Pirandellian metatheatre. Metatheatre assumes a self-consciousness of the form but Williams makes the form everything. It is not arbitrary, or stifling. Stanley and Blanche cannot be reimagined or, put another way, they cannot be imagined to reimagine themselves as other people, in other circumstances entirely.Character is the expression of the form it is not accidental, or originary. Like Brecht, Williams does not see character as a humanist impulse raging against fatal abstractions. (In a play like The Good soulfulness of Setzuan, for example, Brecht makes a kind of comedy of this tragic notion which is of course the notion of tragedy. ) Plays are about things other than people they are about what people think, and feel, and yet they remove these things to a distance, towards the representation of thoughts and feelings, which is something else again.If this seems to suggest that the rape in Streetcar is something other than a rape, and so not a rape, it also suggests that it is as much a rape as it is possible for it to be it includes the understanding that comes from exposing the essence of appearances, as Williams says, seeing from outside what we cannot see from inside. At the same time, and with the same motion, the scene exposes its own scenic limitations for dramatizing that which must inevitably endure outside the scene namely, the act it represents.Both the surface street scene and the jungle antecedents of social order are visible in the rape scene, thoroughly violating the norms of realisms analytical space. When Stanley springs at Blanche, overturning he table, it is clear that a last barrier has been broken down, and now there is no space outside the jungle. Weve had this date with each other from the beginning We have regressed to some awful zero-point (or hour) of our beginning. (A fetid swamp, Time critic Louis Kronenberger said of Williams plays, by way of description. (7) We are also back at the heart of civilization, at its root, the incest taboo, and the center of sexuality, which is oddly enough also the center of realism the family, where sexuality is incestuous from the start. (8) At the border of civilization and the swamp is the sexual transgression whose crushing is the semen of all coercive order. Through allegory, Williams makes explicit what realistic discourse obscures, forcing the sexual ity that propels discourse into the cognitive content of the scene. The destruction of spatial oundaries visualizes the restless discourse of desire, that uncontainable movement between inside and outside. Desire, Williams writes in his short story Desire and the Black Masseur (I942-46), is something that is nauseouse to occupy a larger space than that which is afforded by the individual being. (9) The individual being is only the measure of a measurelessness that goes far out into space. Desire derives from the Latin sidus, star (Stella for Star 250, 25I ) an rare sense is to feel the loss of the ndividual is a sign of incompleteness, not self-sufficiency, whose defining gesture is an indication of the subdue beyond the visible, not its closure. The consciousness of desire as a void without satisfaction is the rejection of realisms practical(prenominal) space, which try to suggest that its fractured space implied an unseen totality. realisms objectivity covered up its literar iness, as if the play were not created from nothing, but evolved out of a ready-made logic, a reality one had but to look to see.But literature answers the desire for a fullness that remains unfulfilled it never intersects reality, never completes a trajectory, it remains in orbit. The nothing from which literature springs, whole, cannot be penetrated by a vision, even a hypothetical one, and no time can be found for its beginning. As Paul de Man sympathys in his discussion of Levi-Strauss metaphor of virtual focus, logical sight-lines may be imaginary, but they are not fiction, any more than fiction can be explained as logic The virtual focus is a quasi-objective structure osited to give rational integrity to a process that exists independently of the self. The subject merely fills in, with the dotted line of geometrical construction, what natural reason had not bothered to make explicit it has a passive and unproblematic role. The virtual focus is, strictly speaking, a nothing, but its nothingness concerns us very little, since a mere act of reason suffices to give it a mode of being that leaves the rational order unchallenged. The same is not true of the imaginary source of fiction.Here the human self has experienced the void within itself and the invented fiction, far from tilling the void, asserts itself as fine nothingness, our nothingness stated and restated by a subject that is the agent of its own instability. (I9) Nothingness, then, the impulse of fiction, is not the result of a supposed originary act of transgression, a mere historical lapse at the origin of narration that can be traced or filled in by a language of logic and analysis on the contrary fiction is the liberation of a pure consciousness of desire as insatiate yearning, a space without boundaries.Yet we come back to Blanches rape by her brother-in-law, which seems visibly to re-seal the laws of constraint, to justify that Freudian logic of lost beginnings. Reenacting the traumatic incestuous moment enables annals to begin over again, while the downsizing of inordinate desire resumes the order of sanity Stella is silenced Blanche is incarcerated. And if there is some ambivalence about her cult and her exclusion it is subsumed in an argument for order and a healthy re-direction of desire. In the last stage direction, Stanleys look for fingers discover the opening of Stellas blouse.The last(a) set-up feels inevitable after all, the game is still Seven-card stud, and arent we going to have to go on by playing it? The plays turn to realistic logic seems assured, and Williams is still renouncing worlds. He points to the closure of the analytical reading with deft disingenuousness. Closure was always just next door to entrapment Williams seems to be erasing their boundary-lines. Madness, the brand of exclusion, objectifies Blanche and enables her to be analyzed and confined as the embodiment of non-being, an expression of something beyond us and so structured i n language.As Stanley puts it, There isnt a goddam thing but imagination And lies and conceit and tricks (398). Foucault has argued, in Madness and Civilization, that the containment of desires superabundance through the exclusion of betise creates a conscience on the perimeters of society, setting up a boundary between inside and outside The madman is put into the interior of the exterior, and inversely (II). (I0) Blanche is allegorically a monitoring blind that liberty if taken too far can also be captivity, just as her libertinage coincides with her desire for death (her satin robe is a passionate red, she calls Stanley her executioner, etc. . And Blanche senses early on the threat of confinement she keeps stressful perversely) to end the play I have to plan for us both, to get us both out she tells Stella, after the fight with Stanley that seems, to Blanche, so final (320). But in the end the play itself seems to have some pettifoggery letting go of Blanche. Having create d its moving boundary line, it no longer knows where to put her what space does her madness occupy? As the dialogue suggests, she has to go somewhere she has become excessive. Yet she keeps coming back Im not instead ready. Yes Yes, I forgot something (4I2 4I4). Again, as in the rape scene, she is chased around the bedroom, this time by the Matron, while The Varsouviana is filtered into a weird distortion, accompanied by the cries and noises of the jungle, the lurid, sinuous reflections on the walls (4I4). The Matrons lines are echoed by other mysterious voices (4I5) somewhere beyond the scene she sounds like a firebell (4I5). Matron and load enter the play expressionistically, as functional agents, and Blanches paranoia is now hers alone the street is not visible.The walls do not disintegrate, they come alive. Blanche is inside her own madness, self-imprisoned her madness is hardly her enclosure within the image. (II) In her paranoid state, Blanche really cannot get out, becaus e there no longer is an outside madness transgresses and transforms boundaries, as Foucault notes, forming an act of undetermined content (94). It thus negates the image while imprisoned within it the boundaries of the scene are not helping to define Blanche but reflecting her back to herself. Blanches power is not lenient to suppress she is a eminder that beneath the appearance of order something nameless has been lost Whats happened here? I want an explanation of whats happened here. she says, with sudden hysteria (407-8). It is a reasonable request that cannot be reasonably answered. This was also Williams problem at the end of The Glass Menagerie how to escape from the image when it seems to have been given too much control, when its reason is absolute? Expressionism threatens the reason of realistic mise en scene by taking it perhaps too far, stretching the imagination beyond limits toward an absoluteness of the image, a desire of desire.The mimetic mirror now becomes the ty pe of madness the image no longer simply reflects desire (desire of, desire for), but subsumes the mirror itself into the language of desire. When Blanche shatters her mirror (39I) she (like Richard II) shows that her identity has already been fractured what she sees in the mirror is not an image, it is indistinguishable from herself. And she cries out when the lantern is torn off the lightbulb, because there is no longer a space between the violence she experiences and the image of that violence.The inner and the outer worlds fuse, the reflecting power of the image is destroyed as it becomes fully self-reflective. The passion of madness exists somewhere in between determinism and expression, which at this point actually form only one and the same movement which cannot be dissociated leave out after the fact. (I2) But realism, that omnivorous discourse, can subsume even the loss of the subjective-objective distinction when determinism equals expression and fall out to some quasi -objective perspective.Thus at the very moment when all space seems to have been conquered, filled in and opened up, there is a need to parcel it out again into clearly distinguishable territories. analysis imprisons desire. At the end of A Streetcar Named Desire, there is a little drama. Blanches wild expressionistic images are patronized and pacified by mental representationity I just told her that wed made arrangements for her to rest in the country. Shes got it mixed in her mind with Shep Huntleigh (404-5). Her family plays along with Blanches delusions, even to costuming her in her turquoise seahorse pin and her bleached violets.The Matron tries to subdue her with sensual violence, but Blanche is only really overcome by the Doctors politeness. Formerly an expressionistic type, having the unmistakable aura of the state institution with its cynical detachment (4II), the Doctor takes off his hat and now he becomes personalized. The unhuman feature goes. His voice is gentle and reassuring s he crosses to Blanche and crouches in front of her. As he speaks her name, her timidity subsides a little. The lurid reflections fade from the walls, the inhuman cries and noises die our and her own hoarse crying is calmed. 4I7) Blanches expressionistic function is contained by the Doctors realistic transformation he is particularized, he can play the role of gentleman caller. Jacket, Doctor? the Matron asks him. He smiles It wont be necessary (4I7-I8). As they exit, Blanches visionary excesses have clearly been surrendered to him She allows him to lead her as if she were blind. Stylistically, he, realism replaces expressionism at the exact moment when expressionisms pure subjectivity seems ready to annihilate the subject, to result in her violent subjugation.At this point the intersubjective dialogue returns, clearly masking indeed blinding the subjective disorder with a assuring form. If madness is perceived as a kind of social failure,(I3) social success is to be its antidote. Of course theater is a cure for madness by dramatizing or literalizing the image one destroys it. such(prenominal) theatricality might risk its own confinement in the image, and for an instant there may be a real struggle in the drama between the image and the effort to contain it. But the power of realism over expressionism makes this a rare occasion.For the ruse, Foucault writes, ceaselessly confirming the delirium , does not deposit it to its own truth without at the same time linking it to the necessity for its own retrenchment (I89). Using illusion to destroy illusion requires a forgetting of the leap of reason and of the trick it plays on optics. To establish order, the theatrical device repeats the ordering principle it learns from theater, the representational gap between nature and language, a gap it has to deny The artificial reconstitution of delirium constitutes the real distance in which the sufferer recovers his liberty (I90).In fact there is no return to intersubjectivity, just a kind of formal recognition of it Whoever you are I have always depended on the kindness of strangers. Streetcar makes the return to normality gentle and theatrical, while revealing much more explicitly than The Glass Menagerie the violence that is thereby suppressed. This violence is not reality, but yet another theater underneath the theater of ruse the cure of illusion is ironically effected by the suppression of theater (I9I). The realistic containment at the end of Streetcar hus does not quite make it back all the way to realisms seamlessly objective historical truth. storey, structured as it is by relations of power, not relations of meaning,(I4) sometimes assumes the power of reality itself, the platonic Form behind realism, so to speak, When it becomes the language of pronouncement, history also assumes the authority of language, rather naively trusting language to be the reality it represents. The bloody wars and strategic battles a re soon forgotten into language, the past tense, the fait accompli.Useless to struggle against the truth that is past history is the waste of time and the corresponding conquest of space, and realism is the already conquered territory, the belated time with the unmistakable stamp of authenticity. It gets applause simply by being plausible it forgets that it is literature. To read literature, de Man says, we ought to remember what we have learned from it that the expression and the expressed can never entirely coincide, that no single observation point is trustworthy (I0-II).Streetcars powerful explosion of allegorical language and expressionistic images keeps its vantage point on the move, at a remove. Every plot is untied. Realism rewards analysis, and Williams invites it, perversely, but any analysis results in dissection. To provide Streetcar with an exegesis seems like gratuitous destruction, deliberate cruelty. mayhap no other American writer since Dickinson has seemed so ea sy to crush. And this consideration ought to give the writer who has outlined Blanches madness some pause. Even the critical awareness of her tidy incarceration makes for too tidy a criticism.In Derridas analysis of Foucaults Madness and Civilization, he distrusts the possibility of historicizing something that does not exist outside of the bondage of history, of savoir-faire madness simply says the other of each determined form of the logos. (I5) Madness, Derrida proposes, is a hyperbole out of which finite-thought, that is to say, history establishes its reign by the disguised internment, humiliation, fettering and mockery of the madman within us, of the madman who can only be a fool of a logos which is father, master and king (60-6I).Philosophy arises from the confessed terror of going mad (62) it is the economic embrace of madness (6I-62) To me then Williams play seems to end quite reasonably with a struggle, at the point in the play at which structure and coherence must ass ert themselves (by seeming to) that is, the end of the play. The end must look back, regress, so as to sum up and define. It has no other choice. The theatrical ending always becomes, in fact, the real ending. It cannot remain metaphorically an end And what is visible at the end is Blanche in trouble, trapped, mad.She is acting as though she believed in a set of events Shep Huntleighs rescue of her that the other characters, by their very encouragement, show to be unreal. There is a fine but perhaps important line here Blanches acting is no more convincing than theirs but and this is a point Derrida makes about madness she is thinking things before they can be historicized, that is, before they have happened or even have been shown to be likely or possible (reasonable). Is not what is called finitude possibility as crisis? Derrida asks (62). The other characters, who behave as if what Blanche is saying were real, underline her absurdity precisely by invoking reality. Blanches relations to history and to structural authority are laid bare by this forced ending, in which she repeatedly questions the meaning of meaning What has happened here? This question implies the relativity of space and moment, and so of events and their meanings, which are at-this point impossible to separate.That is why it is important that the rape suggest an overthrow of meaning, not only through a stylized emphasis on its own representation, but also through its strongly relativized temporality. (Blanche warns against what will happen, while Stanley says the event is the future, the fulfillment of a date or culmination in time promised from the beginning. ) Indeed, the problem of madness lies precisely in this gap between past and future, in the structural slippage between the temporal and the ontological.For if madness, as Derrida suggests, can exist at all outside of opposition (to reason), it must exist in hyperbole, in the excess prior to its incarceration in structure, meani ng, time, and coherence. A truly mad person would not objectify madness would not, that is, define and locate it. That is why all discussions of madness tend to essentialize it, by insisting, like Blanches fellow characters at the end of Streetcar, that it is real, that it exists.And the final stroke of logic, the final absurdity, is that in order to insist that madness exists, to objectify and define and relate to it, it is necessary to deny it any history. Of course madness is not at all amenable to history, to structure, causality, rationality, recognizable though But this self-discipline of the history of madness has to come from within history itself, from within the language of structure and meaning. Blanches demand to know what has happened here her insistence that something has happened, however one takes it has to be unanswerable.It cannot go any further. In theatrical terms, the whimsy that would make that adventure of meaning possible has to be denied, shut down. Bu t this theatrical release is not purifying on the contrary, it has got up close to the plague, to the point at which reason and belief contaminate each other the possibility of thinking madly. Reason and madness can cohabitate with nothing but a thin curtain between. And curtains are not walls, they do not provide solid protection. (I6) Submitting Williams allegorical language to ealistic analysis, then, brings you to conclusions the imprisonment of madness, the loss of desire. The moral meaning smooths things over. Planning to open up Streetcar for the film version with outside scenes and flashbacks, Elia Kazan found it would not work he ended up making the walls movable so they could actually close in more with every scene. (I7) The sense of entrapment was fundamental Williams dramatic language is itself too free, too wanton, it is a trap, it is asking to be analyzed, it lies down on the couch.Kazan saw this perverse desire in the play he thought Streetcar was about Williams cru ising for tough customers The reference to the kind of life Tennessee was leash rear the time was clear. Williams was aware of the dangers he was inviting when he cruised he knew that sooner or later hed be trounce up. And he was. (35I) But Kazan undervalues the risk Williams is willing to take. It is not just violence that cruising invites, but death. And that is a desire that cannot be realized.Since there is really no way to get what you want, you have to put yourself in a position where you do not always want what you get. Pursuing desire requires a elevated vulnerability. At the end of Desire and the Black Masseur the little masochistic artist/saint, Anthony Burns, is cannibalized by the masseur, who has already beaten him to a pulp. Burns, who is thus consumed by his desire, makes up for what Williams calls his incompletion. Violence, or submission to violence, is analogous to art, for Williams both mask the inadequacies of form. Yes, it is perfect, thinks the masseur, who se manipulations have tortured Bums to death. It is now completed(I8) NOTBS I Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire, in The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, vol. I (New York, I97I), 246. Subsequent references are to this edition and rear nod by page number in the text. 2 See Conversations with Tennessee Williams, ed. Albert J. Devlin (Jackson, Miss. , I986). 3 Paul de Man, blindness and Insight Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, 2nd ed. , revised (Minneapolis, I983), I2. See de Man, Blindness and Insight, I87ff, where he outlines the critical movements in Western Europe and the U. S. that have thus openly raise d the question of the intentionality of rhetorical figures (I88). Among the critics he cites are Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, and Michel Foucault (to whose work I will turn later in this essay). Subsequent references to Blindness and Insight are noted by page number in the text. 5 Tennessee Williams, The Gloss Menagerie (New York, I97I). 6 Stanley is quoting Huey Long. 7 See Gore Vidals Introduction to TennesseeWilliams Collected Short Stories (New York, I985) xxv. 8 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. I An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York, I978), I08-9. 9. Tennessee Williams, Desire and the Black Masseur, in Collected Stories (New York, I985), 2I7. I0 Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, trans. Richard Howard (New York, I965). II. Ibid. , 94. I2 Ibid. , 88. I3 Ibid. , 259-60. Subsequent references are noted by page number in the text. I4 Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge Selected